# How emission works

Every block the chain emits TAO, mints alpha in each subnet, and distributes it down to individual stakeholders.

_Source: https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works_

_Last reviewed: 2026-09-15_

Every block the chain emits TAO, mints alpha in each subnet, and distributes it down to individual stakeholders. This section follows that flow **step by step** — each page picks up where the previous one left off, with a *How we got here* and a *What's next* at the top and bottom.

## The flow, step by step

1. **[TAO emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/tao-emission)** — 0.5 τ/block is split across subnets; each subnet's share is injected into its pool or spent as a chain buy.
2. **[Alpha emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/alpha-emission)** — each subnet mints alpha per block, split into `alpha_in` (pool) and `alpha_out` (1 α to participants).
3. **[Split `alpha_out` among participants](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/split-alpha-out)** — owner 18%, miners 41%, validators 41%.
4. **[Parent / child hotkeys](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/emission-parent-hotkeys)** — aggregate each validator's dividends across its parent and child hotkeys.
5. **[Root vs alpha split](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root-vs-alpha)** — divide the validator's dividends into a root proportion and an alpha proportion.
6. Distribute to stakeholders — **[root](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root)** and **[alpha](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-alpha)**.

## Pages in this section

- [1. TAO emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/tao-emission)
- [2. Alpha emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/alpha-emission)
- [3. Split alpha_out (owner / miners / validators)](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/split-alpha-out)
- [4. Parent / child hotkeys](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/emission-parent-hotkeys)
- [5. Root vs alpha split](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root-vs-alpha)
- [6a. Stakeholder emissions: root](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root)
- [6b. Stakeholder emissions: alpha](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-alpha)