# Split alpha_out (owner / miners / validators)

This page shows how a subnet's alpha_out is divided among participants, then points to the rest of the flow.

_Source: https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/split-alpha-out_

_Last reviewed: 2026-10-16_

> [!NOTE]
> **Where we are — step 3 of the [emission flow](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works)**
>
> How we got here:
>
> 1. [TAO emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/tao-emission) — TAO split across subnets.
> 2. [Alpha emission](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/alpha-emission) — each subnet mints `alpha_in` + `alpha_out`.
>
> **This page (step 3):** split the 1 α/block of `alpha_out` among the subnet owner, miners, and validators.

This page shows how a subnet's `alpha_out` is divided among participants, then points to the rest of the flow.

![Cascading flow diagram of one alpha emission split among subnet owner, validators, and miners, then through hotkey allocations and a root:alpha stake split to validator and stakeholders](https://beta.taostats.io/images/docs/concepts/taostats-subnet-emission-distribution-flow-diagram.png)

## The `alpha_out` split (1 α/block)

Each subnet has its own split, stored on chain as `SubnetEmissionWeights`. New subnets start on the default:

* **Subnet owners** receive **18%** of subnet emission.
* **[Miners](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/miners/consensus-for-miners)** receive **41%** of emissions.
* **[Validators](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/validators/dividends-for-validators)** receive **41%** of emissions — which is then further divided amongst their stakeholders (steps 4–6).

## Per-subnet splits

The subnet owner can change the split once every 50,400 blocks (about 7 days), within these limits:

| Share | Allowed |
|---|---|
| Owner | 0% to 33% (lease subnets: at least 18%) |
| Validators | at most 50%, and at least the subnet's validator floor |
| Miners | at least 33% |

Root TAO stakers keep their baseline share of the subnet's emission whatever split the owner picks: the chain sets a per-subnet TAO weight (`SubnetTaoWeight`) to hold it level. A cut to the validator share comes out of alpha stakers' dividends. The validator floor is the lowest validator share at which that still works. Full rules and the formulas: [eTao](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/protocol-changes/etao).

To read a subnet's current split, use the `get_subnet_emission_weights` runtime API, or `btcli subnets emission show --netuid <netuid>`.

## What's next

**Step 4 — [Parent / child hotkeys](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/emission-parent-hotkeys):** aggregate each validator's dividends across its parent and child hotkeys. Then:

* Step 5: [Root vs alpha split](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root-vs-alpha) — divide the validator's dividends into root and alpha proportions.
* Step 6: award stakeholder rewards — [root](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root) and [alpha](https://beta.taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-alpha).